FORTE Publications

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Spacecraft Structure

"Viscoelastic Struts for Vibration Mitigation for FORTE" - LA-UR-96-709
Maly, J. R.; Butler, T.A.
"Development of a Composite Satellite Structure for FORTE". Proceedings from The Tenth International Conference on Composite Materials. Whistler, British Columbia, Canada. 1995. - LA-UR-95-1016
Grastataro, C.I.; Butler, T.A.; Smith, B.G.; Thompson, T.C.
"Development of an All-Composite Spacecraft Bus for Small Satellite Programs". Proceedings from The Eighth Annual AIAA/USU Conference on Small Satellites. Logan, Utah. 1994 - LA-UR-94-2897
Thompson, T.C.; Grastataro, C.; Smith, B.G.; Krumweide, G.; Tremblay, G.

Coordinated Radio Frequency and Optical Observations

FORTE Observations of Simultaneous VHF and Optical Emissions from Lightning: Basic Phenomenology - LA-UR-99-1108
Suszcynsky, D.M.; Kirkland, M.W.; Jacobson, A.R.; Franz, R.C.; Knox, S.O.; Guillen, J.L.L.; Green, J.L.
Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres; 27 Jan 2000; v.105, no.D2, p.2191-2201
Coincident Radio Frequency and Optical Emissions from Lightning, Observed with the FORTE Satellite - LA-UR-00-5115
Light, T.E.; Suszcynsky, D.M.; Jacobson, A.R.
Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 27 Nov 2001; v.106, no.D22, p.28223-28231
Characteristics of impulsive VHF lightning observed by the FORTE satellite - LA-UR-01-6407
Light, T.E.; Jacobson, A.R
Multi-Sensor Observations of Lightning from Space Using the TRMM and FORTE Satellites - LA-UR-02-0526
Boeck, W. L.; Suszcynsky, D. M.; Light, T. E. ; Jacobson, A. R. ; Christian, H. J. ; Goodman, S. J. ; Guillen, J. L. L.
FORTE Observations of optical emissions from lightning: optical properties and discrimination capability - LA-UR-02-2150
Davis, S.M.; Suszcynsky, DM; Light, T.E.L.
Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, Nov 2002; v.107, no.D21, p.4579-4579
A demonstration of the capabilities of multisatellite observations of oceanic lightning
Boeck, W.L.; Suszcynsky, D.M.; Light, T.E.; Jacobson, A.R.; Christian, H.J.; Goodman, S.J.; Buechler, D.E.; Guillen, J.L.L
Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 109, 2004

Optical Observations

Observations of Terrestrial Lighting at Optical Wavelengths by the Photodiode Detector on the FORTE Satellite - LA-UR-98-4098
Kirkland, M.W.; Suszcynsky, D.M.; Franz, R.; Guillen, J.L.L; Green, J.L.; Spalding, R.E.
An examination of superbolt-class lightning events observed by the FORTE satellite - LA-UR-99-1685
Kirkland, M.W.
Coordinated Observations of Optical Lightning from Space Using the FORTE Photodiode Detector and CCD Imager - LA-UR-00-3041
Suszcynsky, D.M.; Light, T.E.; Davis, S.; Green, J.L.; Guillen, J.L.L.; Myre, W.
Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 27 Aug 2001; v.106, no.D16, p.17897-17906
Global nighttime lightning flash rates and characteristics observed with the FORTE satellite - LA-UR-03-5909
Light, T.E.L. ; Davis, S.M.; Boeck, W.; Jacobson, A.R.
Coincident observations of lightning by the FORTE photodiode detector, the New Mexico Tech Lightning Mapping Array and the NLDN during STEPS
Noble, C.M.M.; Beasly, W.H.; Postawko, S.E.; Light, T.E.L.
Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 31, 2004

Radio-frequency Observations

FORTE observations of lightning radio-frequency signatures: Capabilities and basic results - LA-UR-98-2046
Jacobson, A.R.; Knox, S.O.; Franz, R.; Enemark, D.C.
Radio Science, March-April 1999; vol.34, no.2, p.337-54
FORTE observations of lightning radio-frequency signatures: Prompt coincidence with strokes detected by the National Lightning Detection Network - LA-UR-99-870
Jacobson, A.R.; Cummins, K.L.; Carter, M; Klingner, P.; Roussel-Dupre, D; Knox, S.O.
Geolocation of recurrent-emission lightning storms using the FORTE satellite - LA-UR-99-4679
Argo, P.E.; Jacobson, A.R.; Knox, S.O. PDF
Determination of source thunderstorms for VHF emissions observed by the FORTE satellite - LA-UR-99-4680
Tierney, H.E.; Jacobson, A.R.; Beasley, W.H.; Argo, P.E.
Radio Science, Jan-Feb 2001; vol.36, no.1, p.79-96
FORTE End to End VHF Calibration - LA-UR-00-1268
Fitzgerald, J.
Using geomagnetic birefringence to locate sources of impulsive, terrestrial VHF signals detected by satellites on orbit - LA-UR-00-3991
Jacobson, A.R.; Shao, X.M.
Radio Science, July-Aug 2001; vol.36, no.4, p.671-80
Polarization observations of broadband VHF signals by the FORTE satellite - LA-UR-00-5745
Xuan-Min Shao; Jacobson, A.R.
Radio Science, Nov-Dec 2001; vol.36, no.6, p.1573-89
Analysis of FORTE Data to Extract Ionospheric Parameters - LA-UR-00-5332
Roussel-Dupre, R.A.; Jacobson, A.R.; Triplett, L.A.
Radio Science, Nov-Dec 2001; vol.36, no.6, p.1615-30
Radiofrequency remote sensing of lightning from space: a study of thunderstorm detectability and lightning discrimination using the FORTE satellite, groundtruthed by NLDN - LA-UR-01-1534
Jacobson, A. R. ; Light, T.E ; Suszcynsky, D. M.
Transionospheric pulse pairs originating in maritime, continental and coastal thunderstorms: Pulse energy ratios - LA-UR-01-2553
Tierney, H.E.; Jacobson, A.R.; Roussel-Dupre, R.; Beasley, W.H.
Radio Science, May-June 2002; vol.37, no.3, p.11-1-7
Statistics of FORTE Noise between 29 and 47 MHz - LA-UR-01-3095
Fitzgerald, T.J.
Polarization Observations of Lightning-Produced VHF Emissions by the FORTE Satellite - LA-UR-01-3316
Shao, X.M.; Jacobson, A.R.
Journal of Geophysical Research, 27 Oct 2002; vol.107, no.D20, p.ACL7-1-16
On-orbit direction-finding of lightning radio-frequency emissions recorded by the FORTE satellite - LA-UR-01-3604
Jacobson, A.R.; Shao, X.M.
Radio Science, July-Aug 2002; vol.37, no.4, p.17-1-20
LF/VLF and VHF Lightning Fast Stepped Leader Observations - LA-UR-01-3695
Heavner, M.J.; Smith, D.A.; Jacobson, A.R.; Sheldon, R.J.
Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 26 Dec 2002; v.107, no.D24, p.4791-4791
FORTE satellite observations of very narrow radiofrequency pulses associated with the initiation of negative cloud-to-ground lightning strokes - LA-UR-01-6320
Jacobson, A.R.; Shao, X.M.
Journal of Geophysical Research, 27 Nov 2002; vol.107, no.D22, p.ACL16-1-13
Identifying Storms in Noisy Radio Frequency Data via Satellite: an Application of Density Estimation and Cluster Analysis - LA-UR-01-4874
Burr, T.; Mielke, A.; Jacobson, A.
Bimodal radiofrequency pulse distribution of intracloud-lightning signals recorded by the FORTE satellite - LA-UR-02-3236
Jacobson, A. R. ; Light, T.E.
Derivation of Ionosphere Constants and Reconstruction of Impulsive Signals from FORTE Satellite Data - LA-UR-02-2686
Myre, W. C.
The FORTE VHF instrument as a high-energy cosmic ray detector - LA-UR-02-4902
Lehtinen, N.G.; Gorham, P.W.; Jacobson, A.R.; Roussel-Dupre, R.A.
Proceedings of the SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering; 2003; vol.4858, p.296-304. Conference: Particle Astrophysics Instrumentation, 22-23 Aug 2002, Waikoloa, HI
Relationship of intracloud-lightning radiofrequency power to lightning-storm height, as observed by the FORTE satellite - LA-UR-02-5771
Jacobson, A.R.
Journal of Geophysical Research; 16 April 2003; vol.108, no.D7, p.ACL2-1-15
VLF/LF Intracloud lightning height determination - LA-UR-02-5947
Smith, D.A.; Heavner, M.J.; Jacobson, A.R.; Shao, X.; Massey, R.S.; Sheldon, R.J. ; Wiens, K.
A global radio-frequency noise survey as observed by the FORTE satellite at 800-km altitude - LA-UR-02-6451
Burr, T.; Jacobson, A.; Mielke, A.
Radio Science, 24 Jul 2004; v.39, no.4, p.RS4005
A dynamic global radio-frequency noise survey as observed by the FORTE satellite at 800-km altitude - LA-UR-02-6450
Burr, T.; Jacobson, A.; Mielke, A.
Ionospheric Profiling Through Radio-Frequency Signals Recorded by the FORTE Satellite With Comparison to the International Reference Ionosphere - LA-UR-02-6191
Moses, R.W.; Jacobson, A.R.
VHF Radiation Beam Pattern of Lightning Return Strokes Inferred From the FORTE Satellite Observations - LA-UR-03-4013
Shao, X.M.; Jacobson, A.R.; Fitzgerald, T.J.
How do the strongest radio pulses from thunderstorms relate to lightning flashes? - LA-UR-03-4379
Jacobson, A.R.
Comparison of Narrow Bipolar Events with ordinary lightning as proxies for severe convection - LA-UR-04-1530
Jacobson, A.R.; Heavner, M.J.
Radio frequency radiation pattern of lighting return strokes: A revisit to theoretical analysis - LA-UR-03-4013
Shao, X; Jacobson, A.; Fitzgerald, J
Journal of Geophysical Research; Vol. 109, 2004
FORTE satellite constraints on ultrahigh energy cosmic particle fluxes
Lehtinen, N.G.; Gorham, P.W.; Jacobson, A.R.; Roussel-Dupre, R.A.
Physical Review D 69, 2004
FORTE satellite observations of VHF radiation from lightning discharges - LA-UR-04-1427
Junor, W.; Jacobson, A.R.; Suszcynsky, D.M.
Global lightning and severe storm monitoring from GPS orbit - LA-UR-04-5420
Suszcynsky, D.M.; Jacobson, A.R.; Linford, J.; Pongratz, M.B.; Light, T.E.; Shao, X.
Total electron content (TEC) variability at Los Alamos, New Mexico: A comparative study: FORTE-derived TEC analysis
Huang, Z.; Roussel-Dupre, R.A.
Radio Science, V. 40, p. RS6007, 2005
Radio frequency radiation beam pattern of lightning return strokes: Inferred from FORTE satellite observations
Shao, X.; Jacobson, A.R.; Fitzgerald, J.T.
Journal of Geophysical Research; Vol. 110, 2005
Comparison of Narrow Bipolar Events with ordinary lightning as proxies for the microwave-radiometry ice-scattering - LA-UR-06-0046
Jacobson, A.R.; Boeck, W.; Jeffery, C.
Accepted, Mon. Weath. Rev. 2006
Performance assessment of the World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN), using the Los Alamos Sferic Array (LASA) array as ground-truth - LA-UR-05-4730
Jacobson, A.R.; Holzworth, R.; Harlin, J.; Dowden, R.; Lay, E.
In press, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. 2006

Satellite Operation

Four Years of Operations and Results with FORTE - LA-UR-01-2955
Roussel-Dupre, D.; Klingner, P.; Carlson, L.; Dingler, R.; Esch-Mosher, D.; Jacobson, A.R.

Sferic Array

Compact Intracloud Discharges - LA-UR-98-13526-T
Smith, D.A.
The Los Alamos Electric-Field-Change Sensor Array - LA-UR-98-3721
Wiens, K.; Massey, R.S.; Shao, X.M.; Eberle, M.; Eack, K.B.
Comparisons of FORTE RF and Field-Change Array Observations - LA-UR-98-3724
Massey, R.S.; Jacobson, A.R.; Wiens, K.; Eack, K.
Observations of Compact Intracloud Discharges - LA-UR-98-3853
Shao, X.M.; Smith, D.A.; Eack, K.; Massey, R.; Wiens, K.
Physical Characteristics of Compact Intracloud Discharges - LA-UR-98-3800
Smith, D.A.; Holden, D.N.; Shao, X.M.; Krehbiel, P.R.
Theory and Practice of Using Ground and Ionospheric Reflections to Determine Radio Emission Source Heights and Ionosphere Virtual Heights - LA-UR-98-4097
Smith, D.A.
Observations and Inferred Physical Characteristics of Compact Intracloud Discharges - LA-UR-99-868
Smith, D.A.; Massey, R.S.; Wiens, K.C. ; Eack, K.B.; Shao, X.M.; Holden, D.N.; Argo, P.E.
Conference: International Conference on Atmospheric Electricity, Guntersville, AL, June 7-11, 1999 (11th)
New Insight into the Physical Characteristics of Compact Intracloud Discharges - LA-UR-99-447
Smith, D.A.; Argo, P.E.; Eack, K.B.; Jacobson, A.R.; Massey, R.S.; Rison, W.; Krehbiel, P.R.; Thomas, R.J.; Wiens, K.C.; Brook, M.
Lightning Location, Classification, and Parameterization with the Los Alamos Sferic Array - LA-UR-99-4685
Smith, D.A.; Harlin, J.; Shao, X.M.; Eack, K.B.
The Los Alamos Sferic Array: Ground Truth for the FORTE Satellite - LA-UR-00-4883
D. A. Smith, K. B. Eack, J. Harlin, M. J. Heavner, A. R. Jacobson, R. S. Massey, X. M. Shao, and K. C. Wiens
Current Los Alamos Sferic Array Studies - LA-UR-00-4770
Heavner, M.J.; Harlin, J.; Smith, D.A.
Global Atmospherics International Conference, Lighting Detection Conference 2000 (7 Nov 2000 - 8 Nov 2000: Tucson, AZ)
The Los Alamos Sferic Array: A research tool for lightning investigations - LA-UR-01-581
Smith, D.A.; Eack, K.B.; Harlin, J.; Heavner, M.J.; Jacobson, A.R.; Massey, R.S.; Shao, X.M.; Wiens, K.C.
Journal of Geophysical Research, 16 July 2002; vol.107, no.D13, p.ACL5-1-14
LF/VLF and VHF Lightning Fast Stepped Leader Observations - LA-UR-01-3695
Heavner, M.J.; Smith, D.A.; Jacobson, A.R.; Sheldon, R.J.
Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 26 Dec 2002; v.107, no.D24, p.4791-4791
Leader Studies with the Los Alamos Sferic Array - LA-UR-01-4198
Heavner, M.J.; Smith, D.A.; Jacobson, A.R.
FORTE Compact Intra-Cloud Discharge Detection Parameterized by Peak Current - LA-UR-02-5759
Heavner, M.J.; Suszcynksy, D.M.; Jacobson, A.R.; Heavner, B.D.; Smith, D.A.
Narrow Bipolar Events as Indicators of Thunderstorm Convective Strength - LA-UR-03-3585
Suszcynsky, DM; Heavner, MJ
Geophysical Research Letters, 1 Sept 2003; vol.30, no.17, p.ASC1-1-4
A method for determining intracloud lightning and ionospheric heights from VLF/LF eletric field records - LA-UR-02-5947
Smith, D.A.; Heavner, M.J.; Jacobson, A.R.; Shao, X.; Massey, R.S.; Sheldon, R.J.; Wiens, K.
Radio Science, Vol. 39, 2004